Enron And Its Impact On Enron s Corporate Bankruptcy Essay

Enron was founded in 1985 by Kenneth Lay and by the mid 90s under the tutelage of Jeff Skilling, it was being touted as a revolutionary company that was destined to change the face of business and the energy industry. However, by 2001 it became clear that Enron’s astronomical growth and sustained profitability was built upon fraudulent grounds. The company was stashing debt but continued to report profits. Employees were taking huge risk and gambling exorbitant amounts and many were outright stealing from the company for their own personal gains. By the end of 2001, Enron’s downfall resulted in the largest corporate bankruptcy in United States history at the time, and more than 20,000 employees were laid off. The company’s fall from grace wasn’t a result of incompetence, instead it was the inevitable consequence of the toxic culture which was incubated and disseminated by Enron’s top management to all other aspects of the company. Enron’s st rong culture became a liability because culture defines what is important to the organization and informs employees about how things are meant to be done. As I will demonstrate through various examples of Enron’s questionable business tactics, its potent corporate culture was low on attention to detail while being high on aggressiveness, risk taking and outcome orientation. This combination of factors created the climate for unethical behavior to become a deep-rooted norm within the organization. One dimension of Enron’s cultureShow MoreRelatedEnron Scandal And Its Impact On The Economy Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesThe Enron scandal was the largest corporate financial scandal ever when it emerged. It took the economy the better part of a year to recover from the damage the Enron controversy caused to the US as a whole. Enron is not fully responsible, but it was a large contributor to the collapse of the stock market in the early 2000’s. In the year following the 9/11 hit to our country and economy the DOW lost close to 4500 points; down to 7500 from almost 12000, it did gain some back, but considering the greatRead MoreEnron And The Enron Scandal847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enron scandal, discovered in October 2001, eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation, an American energy company based mostly in Houston, Texas, and also the dissolution of Arthur Andersen, that was one amongst the 5 largest audit and accounting partnerships within the wor ld. Additionally, to being the most important bankruptcy reorganization in American history at that point, Enron without doubt is the biggest audit failure. it s ever the foremost notable company within theRead MoreThe Impact of Ethics on the Enron Corporation2018 Words   |  9 PagesIn 2001, Enron was the fifth largest company on the Fortune 500. Enron was also the market leader in energy production, distribution, and trading. However, Enron s unethical accounting practices have left the company in joint chapter 11 bankruptcy. This bankruptcy has caused many problems among many individuals. Enron s employees and retirees are suffering because of the bankruptcy. Wall Street and investors have taken a major downturn do to the company s unethical practices. Enron s competitorsRead MoreEnrons Impact On Enron1417 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Æ' Many questioned how Enron made its money as no one could verify their revenue that they continually raised each quarter. Even with these questions in the back of people s minds, they continued to believe Enron s executives. Enron was an U.S. energy-trading and utilities company that housed one of the biggest accounting frauds in history. Enron s executives employed accounting practices that falsely inflated the company s revenues, which, at the height of the scandal, made the firm becomeRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Of The Enron Corporation1124 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction We will look at the Enron Corporation and discuss its application of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) or in actuality its irresponsible behavior as related to social responsibility. We will revisit what CSR is and discuss Enron’s philosophy regarding its use and function within the corporation. We will discuss the consequences of Enron’s irresponsible behavior and the far reaching effects it had on society. Corporate Social Responsibility are actions taken by a corporationRead MoreEthical Codes For Professional Accountants1470 Words   |  6 PagesHaving competent professional accountants are invaluable assets to the company because they are able to adopt a pragmatic and objective approach to solve issues. Accountancy professionals assist business executives with corporate strategies, provide advice with product cost, improve mitigate risks of the company. Public accountants not only serve the interest of the company but also have the duty to the general public. Therefore, they have a key role in helping organizations to act ethically. EthicalRead MoreEnron And Its Impact On Enron s Downfall Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract recent collapses of high profile business failures like Enron,Worldcom,Parmlat,and Tycohasbeen a subject of great debate among regulators, investors, government and academics in the recent past. Enron’s case was the greatest failure in the history of American capitalism and had a major impact on financial markets by causing significant losses to investors. Enron was a company ranked by Fortune as the most innovative company in the United States; it exemplified the transition from the productionRead MoreManagement Planning Paper on Arthur Andersen1221 Words   |  5 Pagescompany supplied tax, consulting services and auditing for the large business, and itself had a position in the Big Five accounting firms. In 2002, this firm was found guilty for auditing an energy corporation, Enron and it surrendered back its rights of auditing. This led to Enron s bankruptcy and loss of 85,000 jobs. Any type of business development requires constant planning. The expression planning refers to defining the goals of the business and shaping the potential plans of action. This sortRead MoreEnron Was Formed In 1986 By Ken Lay (â€Å"Enron Case Study†,1439 Words   |  6 PagesEnron was formed in 1986 by Ken Lay (â€Å"Enron Case Study†, n.d). It was an energy and service company based in Houston. â€Å"The early years of Enron were modest, and despite suffering financial woes and tremendous debt for several years, Enron survived.† (Rafraf Haug, 2013). Enron was the 7th largest company on the Fortune 500 in the year 2000 with assets of $65 billion and revenue of over $100 billion (â€Å"Enron: Quality Assurance†, 2016, p 17). Despite of revenues in 2000, Enron filed for bankruptcyRead MoreThe Ethics Of Enron Oxley Act1309 Words   |  6 PagesThe Houston based corporation of Enron was once considered a top company, until its demise from a complex accou nting scheme. The company that was forced to declare bankruptcy and lay off many employees; also resulted in thousands of others losing a significant portion of their retirement funds that were invested in the company’s stock (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2013). Additionally, the perceived scandal propagated concern of accounting practices of corporations and initiated new reporting practices

Career Skills - 1454 Words

Individual Work Demetria Metoyer Everest University Online Professor Julie Eisenhauer SLS 1321-34_Week1 July 16, 2013 1. Why is the job search process a cycle rather than a series of steps? The job search process is a cycle rather than a series of steps because you have to prepare for your search and do a self-assessment of yourself regarding the jobs and positions you are trying to find. In the textbook, it says to be a job finder not a job seeker. The job search process is an organizational process that prepares you for short and long-term career goals. In order for a person to find the right job, a person needs to know what their skills are. They need to know what they can offer the companies they are trying to find employment†¦show more content†¦Managing and keeping my files tracker updated will assist me in my career development, time management, and interacting with other people. My career management files tracker will enable skills to communicate information, organize and understand my own personality and style that will aide in the making of the right career choices. Managing my fi les tracker means, I create a job search that benefits my schedule and style, it allows me to keep up-to-date information at all times throughout my career allowing me to add or subtract information that is needed or no longer necessary or needed to use without the hassle of starting all over from the beginning. 4. How is a career portfolio different from a career management files tracker? What items should you put in your career portfolio? A career portfolio is a collection of documents and other items that shows a person’s skills, abilities, achievements, experience, and qualifications, whereas a career management file is a binder that is organized for updating career development, job search information, self-assessments, experience, skills, draft resumes’, cover letters, and a list of job search aids. A career portfolio should have a final resume’, a list of references, letters of recommendations, and samples of their best work. Use items that that demonstrate your experience and qualifications for jobs you are interested. Decide whichShow MoreRelatedSkills And Skills Of The Career Success760 Words   |  4 PagesSkills USA. An organization that has given the opportunity to lead and hone the skills of both High School and College students. It has grown into a societ y that many people strive to be in to gain career and technical skills. It has a reputation for allowing students to learn the abilities necessary to be successful in adulthood. I am here today carrying out the task to talk about this year’s theme, â€Å"Connecting You to Career Success,† as way to help me develop my public speaking skills. As a memberRead MoreThe Employability Skills and Self-Perceived Competence for Careers in the Hospitality Industry1914 Words   |  8 Pageshire potential leaders who are skilled at stimulating people to take rational initiatives. Leadership skills are not the only skills needed by employers. In fact, leadership skills are some of the employability skills most desired by employers. Commission on Higher Education: This study will aim to provide factual ideas about the employability skills and self-perceived level of competence for careers in the hospitality industry of graduating students major in HRM at USM that can be used as a factorRead MoreCareer Salary : Career Skills1552 Words   |  7 PagesSummary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Career Salary Comparison Accounting Salary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Financial Analyst Salary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Career Skills Comparison Accounting Skills†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Financial Analyst Skills†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Career Growth Comparison Accounting Jobs Forecast†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreCareer Management : Skills And Skills1482 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowing task, a skills audit has been introduced, highlighting current aptitudes and capabilities against professional standards. Moreover, advancement needs have been identified and the exercises required to meet them have been expressed with the audit. At long last, a duplicate of my CV has been displayed highlighting my improvement opportunities made evident from undertaking this unit. Skill Area Description of Specific Skill Evidence of skill How I’m doing Action Career management skills Taking onRead MoreAnalysis Of Lynda Gratton And Erik Brynjolfsons Career1032 Words   |  5 Pagestheir careers. Emma Jacobs, who interviewed five individuals for the Financial times, demonstrates distinct perspectives on the most efficient method to approaching an obstacle in one’s career. Lynda Gratton and Erik Brynjolfsson believe that one must change as technology gradually develops by attaining certain skills and having a new perspective towards a career they adore. Meanwhile, Martin Ford believes that only the government can assist individuals on how to future-proof their career. NonethelessRead MoreCareer Counseling Plan For Katie Golanski825 Words   |  4 Pages This paper is a career counseling plan for Katie Golanski and examines her current skills, potential and as well as future goals. Several assessments will be examined and applied to this plan, such as the Kuder scale, and Meyers Brigg. Specific career counseling theories will also be appli ed to the output. Finally, recommendations for Katie will be made to best utilize her assets. Katie is a twenty-three year single Caucasian female with a bachelor’s degree in PsychologyRead MoreGender Differences Between Work And Life1026 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences in answers. On another note the article by Stewart Friedman, Work + home + community + self, the main focus is on three key principles to focus on to be better at integration between work and life. Each article’s content can be a guide in career planning and to help with one’s professional development. The article Manage your work, manage your life discusses the popular topic of work and life balance. Interviews were conducted and researched with over 4,000 executives worldwide and 82 executivesRead MoreMy Current Level Of Responsibility And Contribution Of The Merchant Services Division925 Words   |  4 Pageswhich processes or performance indicators lend themselves to optimization. Executive management recognizes the strategic value that predictive and prescriptive analytics have on quantifying business decisions. What are your career goals for the next five years? My five-year career goals involve continuing to increase my knowledge and expertise in BBT Merchant Services while graduating from the UNC EMBA program. Being a student in the UNC EMBA program will allow me to participate in cohort-based coursesRead MoreThe Importance Of A Career For Myself1012 Words   |  5 Pages1) What s the most important thing for you to get from your career? This is a question I have been asking myself quite a bit lately as I approach postgrad life. I believe the most important aspect of a career for myself is meaningfulness and being able to further my knowledge. I find I work best when I can see a tangible outcome. If I am working on a project, it really helps to know that the work I am doing will affect someone or something in a positive way. Apart from meaningfulness, IRead MoreUnits 4 5 Career Guidance Interviews3378 Words   |  14 PagesUnit 4 and 5 Evaluate the purpose of different types of career guidance interviews Evaluate methodologies to explore the career guidance and development needs of clients Corney and Watts (1998) define information and advice as; ‘providing an immediate response to the needs of clients who present an enquiry or reveal a need that requires more than a straightforward information response. Advice is usually limited to helping with the interpretation of information and with meeting needs already

World War I Changed The World - 1115 Words

In four short years, 9 million men died and 21 million more had serious injures. World War I changed many lives around the world as eight European countries as well as the United States, fought against each other and formed allies. It the beginning, it was meant to be the war that ended all wars. This Great War was unlike any war before; there was new technology such as tanks and machine guns, as well as new tactics such as trenches and war at sea. The physical geography affected the outcome of the war in great measures, both on land and sea. Mountains, sea, and flat land made the countries develop new tactics and strategies to fight the enemies. All aspects of geography resulted in struggles, whether it is disease or warfare strategy.†¦show more content†¦Also, due to the new generation of modern warfare, different weapons were used on the battlefield. The most common weapon created in WWI was the machine gun. They were used to shoot from far away, which helps the operator stay away from man to man combat. Combined with trenches, these machines guns could make a deadly pair; they could mount on the inside of the trench while protecting the shooter from oncoming fire. The trenches were a very smart idea due to the fact that the land was flat. Although fighting was extremely violent on land, soldiers also faced deadly battles at sea. Back in the day, Britain had the most powerful navy around, but Germany wanted to test their strength. One of the most, if not the only, famous battle at sea was the Battle of Jutland, which changed the war at sea forever. The battle of Jutland was no ordinary battle at sea. Unlike battles on land, Jutland lasted only one day. The battle was between the British and the Germans. There were about 250 ships in attendance and about 100,000 men spread out on ships. Due to the fact that Britain had a more powerful Navy, they had almost twice as many ships and men. Many would think that with these odds, Britain had to have won, bu t that was not the case. The battle was split into two phases. The first phase was around 5:00 P.M. on May 31, 1916. Both

Church Architecture of the Early Christian, Byzantine Essay Example For Students

Church Architecture of the Early Christian, Byzantine Essay The invention of the Christian church was one of the brilliant solutions in architectural history. This was achieved by a process of assimilating and rejecting various precedents, such as the Greek temple, the Roman public building, the private Roman house, and the synagogue. The Early Christian period saw the growth of Christianity. It was established as the state religion of the Empire under the successors of Constantine. Early Christian Architecture consisted of the basilica church developed from the Roman secular basilica. The sixth century was a time of growth for the Byzantine Empire. Many of the churches built during this time were of the basic basilica style. At least two developments began during this century. One involved small buildings with domed or niche interiors and the other the use of domed vaulting in the basilica. While it is difficult to generalize any architectural developments during this time, one of the most striking changes that can be found in many churches of this time is the use of the domed nave. The domed nave was usually used with a rectangular or Latin cross plan. The Carolingian and Atoning (merely a continuation of Carolingian period) periods consisted of mainly the basilica also. By the end of the pre-Romanesque period, Roman stylistic elements had fused with elements from Byzantium and the Middle East, and from the Germans, the Cells, and other northern tribes in Western Europe. These various combinations created a number of local styles, called Romanesque, meaning in the manner of the Roman. An outstanding achievement of Romanesque architects was the development of stone vaulted buildings. To support the heavy stone vaults, architects used massive walls and piers, creating a typical building plan that treated the entire structure as a complex composed of smaller units, called bays. A distinguishing feature of Romanesque style, bays are square or rectangular spaces enclosed by groin vaults and used by architects as the basic building unit. The nave in Romanesque churches was usually made higher and narrower than in earlier structures to make room for windows, called clerestory windows, in the sidewalls below the vault. Doors and windows were usually capped by round arches, and sometimes by slightly pointed arches. These openings were generally small and decorated with molding, carvings, and sculptures. The Early Christian architects looked to the Roman buildings of the time to find a suitable building for their needs. The idea of using the plans of Roman places of worship such as the temple was unacceptable on principle alone. For this reason they choose another type of Roman structure to satisfy their needs-the basilica. It utilized a rectangle centered on a longitudinal axis that was internally divided into three to five sections, one central hall-the nave, and one to two side aisles on both sides of the nave. At the East end of the building was a semi-circular apse that was usually set on the outside to the rectangular shape but occasionally remained inside. The greatest of Constantine churches was Old Saint Peters. Where it was built was believed to where Peter, the first apostle and founder of the Roman Christian community, and been buried. It was capable of holding three to four thousand worshippers. The plan of Old Saint Peters resembled those of Roman basilicas and audience halls. Like Roman basilicas, it had a wide central nave flanked by aisles and ending in an apse. An open colonnaded courtyard came first and worshippers entered through a narthexs. Old Saint Peters was not ornamented with lavish exterior sculptures, but had bland brick walls. The inside was, however, lavishly decorated with frescoes, mosaics and marble columns. The Early Christian basilica may be compared to the idyllic Christian, with a somber and plain exterior and a glowing and beautiful soul within. Among all the churches built during the reign of Justinian l, or the Byzantine period, Haggis Sophia is by far the most impressive and most unique. After rioters destroyed the original SST. .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e , .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e .postImageUrl , .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e , .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e:hover , .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e:visited , .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e:active { border:0!important; } .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e:active , .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6426b6317c1d1e9252e8d7b9b506973e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Church Going EssaySophia along with most of the hippodrome in 532, Justinian ordered the rebuilding of the church that was completed in 537. Fronted at the west end by a narthexs and exonerated, the church itself is squat and rectangular. The interior of the church resembles a three-aisled basilica. Columnar arcades separate the nave from the aisles, with a single apse opening off the nave at the east end. The nave is surrounded on three sides by a two-story structure because both the aisles and the narthexs have galleries that were accessible from ramps at every corner. A dome sided by half-domes allows SST. Sophia the breach the ordinary basilica style. This vaulting of the nave forms an almost rectangular area. The dome is held in place by four massive pillars and the half domes are held in place by curved niches in the arcade. The architects use of eventides unites the full dome to the square bay low. This is also possible because the building is made out of brick rather than concrete. This elegant solution provides additional curved surface for decoration, and enhances the effect of the whole ceiling structure opening up to the sky beyond and essentially creating a very mystic and heavenly feeling. Haggis Sophia is an example of two kinds of architecture developed during the sixth century. It was an attempt to meld the double-shelled domed church and the domed basilica, both of which appeared in Constantinople during the first quarter of the sixth century. The significant building, with its domed double shell and vaulting inside, marks the most striking architectural masterpiece in the Byzantine Empire during the sixth century. The interior was originally decorated, then much of it destroyed during Iconoclasm, then redecorated and then covered by the Muslim Turks. Haggis Sophias design became influential in all later Byzantine churches. The Palatine Chapel, built about 792-805 at Charlemagnes palace in Aachens, is the preeminent surviving Carolingian structure. A domed, double-shelled, two-storied octagon, it presents a type reminiscent of Early Christian and Byzantine architecture. Indeed, it is generally accepted that the Palatine Chapel was modeled closely after San Vital in Raven and was perceived as an antique revival. The main entrance to the Palatine Chapel is a large structure adjoining the west side. A square mass of stone containing narthexs chambers corresponding to the two levels to the chapel rises between twin cylindrical towers and is fronted by a huge entrance niche. Charlemagne imported porphyry columns from Raven to adorn his chapel. SST. Michaels, one of the most beautiful Atoning churches in Germany. It stands as a testimony to the creative energy of Bishop Bernhard. SST Michaels Church was built twine 1001 and 1031 on a symmetrical plan with two apses. Its interior, in particular the wooden ceiling and painted stucco-work, its famous bronze doors and the Bernhard bronze column, are considered Atoning masterpieces. The church has a double-transept plan, tower groupings, and a Westwood as well as massive walls only occasionally penetrated by arcaded windows. Lateral entrances leading into the aisles from the north and south make for an almost complete loss of the traditional basilicas orientation toward the east. The crossing squares were used as the naves dimensionsthree crossing squares long and one square wide. This was emphasized by heavy piers at the corner of each square. The piers alternate with columns as wall supports to form an alternate-support system. This became a standard element of many Romanesque churches. Although the naves proportions had changed from earlier churches, it retained the continuous and unbroken appearance of its Early Christian predecessors. The Pisa Cathedral Complex, with its freestanding baptistery and campanile, forms one of the most famous building groups in the world. Except for the upper portion of the baptistery, with its remodeled Gothic exterior, the three structures are stylistically homogeneous. The cathedral is one of the finest of the Romanesque period and has a strongly marked individuality. .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1 , .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1 .postImageUrl , .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1 , .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1:hover , .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1:visited , .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1:active { border:0!important; } .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1:active , .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1 .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u178e1bcacf9b28f7e2e49f6eff9af2e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Philip Larkin"s poem, "Church Going" EssayIt resembles other early basilicas churches in plan, with long rows of columns connected by arches, double aisles, and a nave, which has the usual timber roof. But at second glance the broadly projecting transept, the crossing dome, and the fates multiple arcade galleries distinguish it as Romanesque. So does the rich marble incrustation. The exterior has bands of green and white marble, which provides a nice polychrome, and the ground story is faced with wall relief by tiers of wall passages, which rise one above the other right into the able. The transepts, with each end containing an apse, were an advance on the simple basilicas plan. The interior also at first suggests basilica, but it is ultimately of Byzantine origin. Some divergences from the basilica form include the great vertically of the interior and, at the crossing, the markedly neoclassical pointed arch. The cathedrals campanile, detached in the Italian fashion, is the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa. Its stages are marked by graceful arcaded galleries that repeat the cathedrals fade motif and effectively relate the tower to its mother building. Church architecture changed a lot from its early beginnings during Constantine rule up to the eleventh century; however, at first glance the churches still appear to have many of the same elements. It initially began as a basilica, and then turned into a domed basilica then to a Latin cross plan and still many other variations of the basilica. Flat wooden roofs turned into domes, domes turned into round arches and then to the pointed arches. Later churches got many of their ideas from Early Christian and Byzantine church architecture and also impair upon those ideas.